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The Power of Moral Concerns in Predicting Whistleblowing Decisions
Whistleblowers are those who disclose unethical activity inside their
own organization to a higher authority and play an important role in
exposing injustice and wrongdoing. They risk great personal costs to
expose injustice. Whistleblowing is on the rise, but retaliation is on the
rise as well. Many whistleblowers face harassment and emotional
suffering, are forced to resign, or are fired if they do not report
anonymously. While whistleblowers' activities are frequently lauded as
morally heroic, there is conflicting evidence that they are primarily
motivated by moral considerations. Furthermore, nothing is known
regarding the extent to which moral considerations, as opposed to
other organizational and situational variables, influence
whistleblowing. To close these gaps, this article provides two studies
that show the importance of moral considerations in predicting
whistleblower behavior.
Study 1 examines how moral considerations, in comparison to other
criteria, influence real-world whistleblowing decisions using a large
cross-sectional dataset of federal employees. Study 2 replicates the
link between moral considerations and whistleblowing decisions in an
online sample of the US workforce in a more controlled manner. Moral
considerations consistently predicted whistleblowing actions over and
above other organizational and situational characteristics, according to
the findings.
In particular, whistleblower decisions were linked to a moral tradeoff:
concerns for the fair treatment of individuals outside one's
organization were linked to reporting unethical behavior, while loyalty
to one's organization was linked to not reporting unethical behavior.
Organizational characteristics, such as whether or not the company
teaches its workers how to report misconduct, had a lesser
relationship with whistleblowing choices in all of the studies.
However, these were the only significant predictors of how
individuals reported unethical behavior, i.e., whether they reported it
through internal or external channels. These findings, taken together,
demonstrate major psychological factors driving whistleblowing,
highlighting the importance of moral considerations in these actions
and supporting conceptualizations of whistleblowing as a key example
of moral courage.
Dungan, James A., et al. “The Power of Moral Concerns in Predicting Whistleblowing Decisions.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Academic Press, 24 July 2019, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022103118306619.